Typically, the user is not interested in the device circuit of the washing machine. But if a repair of equipment is suddenly scheduled, then you have to figure it out. You can perform independent diagnostics or replacement of parts only after understanding how the SMA components work and where.
Almost all front-loading washing machines are the same, except for some parts.
The internal structure of the washing machine
Before you start the repair, familiarize yourself with the principle of the device of a modern washing machine.
The device of household washing machines is the same, whether it is models with vertical or front-loading. Regardless of the brand (Indesit, LG, Samsung, Bosch), all the details are hidden in a metal case. The body base includes: front, back, top covers, base. The type of load determines the location of the hatch - horizontal or vertical.
The internal device of an automatic washing machine consists of parts and assemblies that are responsible for a particular function. Let's consider in more detail each detail.
The technical device of the washing machine
Let's start with the most important thing - the “brain” of the washer.
Control module and electronics
The electronic module controls all the details in the car. It gives a signal to start or shut down through the wiring that connects the board and the SM node.
All programs, modes and functions are monitored and executed by the module. Therefore, if one of its elements fails, any part of the machine may stop working. In order to perform certain tasks: properly pour water into the tank, control engine speed during washing and spinning, the control unit has “helpers”.
Pressure switch
A pressure switch or level sensor monitors the amount of water in the tank. He does the job by measuring the pressure in the tank. Then it sends a signal to the electronic module. The control unit, in turn, instructs the inlet valve to stop taking water.
Water intake valve
Depending on the type, the valve may have one to three coils. Voltage is applied to these coils, so that the valve membrane opens and starts. As soon as the unit gave a command, the membrane opens and water is drawn into the tank. After the supply of electricity to the coils ceases, the membrane closes.
Tachogenerator
It is the tachometer that helps the electronic unit to regulate the engine speed. Indeed, for each washing program or spin cycle, a different drum rotation speed is required.
Temperature sensor
The structure of the heater in modern models "Ariston", "Zanussi", "Ardo", "Electrolux" provides for the presence of a thermistor. The device is a metal tube that is installed in the heater body.
The thermistor determines the degree of water heating by sending a signal to the module. The main unit turns off the heater when the water temperature rises to the desired level.
Other items
This wiring, control panel, command device, indicators. Everything that allows you to control, set modes and programs in the washing machine.
Performing Details
The device of the washing machine is a semiautomatic device and an automatic machine provides for the presence of executing nodes. The electronic unit gives the command to the parts, after which they begin to work.
Electric motor
The engine in the washing machine contributes to the rotation of the drum at different speeds.
Modern cars have motors with direct drive. These are inverter motors that are attached to the drum. They are more efficient, powerful and quiet. Their design is reliable, so these motors break down very rarely.
Often there are collector motors. They transmit revolutions to the drum due to the drive belt.
Collectors are simple: their design contains a stator, a rotor and brushes. Electric brushes are made of soft material, so they often need to be replaced as a result of wear.
Electric heater (TEN)
Serves for heating water in the tank. Each washing program requires a different water temperature. The electronic unit sends the specified signal to the heating element, after which heating is performed. The thermostat controls the temperature and after reaching the set parameters sends a signal to the module.
How to replace the heater in case of failure, read in previous articles.
Sunroof locking device
This is an electronic door lock. Manually you only close the mechanical door lock. When the program starts, a click is heard that indicates the hatch is locked. Only after this begins the abstraction of water.
Learn how to replace UBL in the washing machine.
Drain pump
The pump allows you to pump out water from the tank after washing, rinsing. There are synchronous and asynchronous pumps.
What does the pump consist of? From the inside, its design is the same: motor, impeller. Above is a snail, to which a drain pipe, a hose is connected.
Most often, the pump breaks due to the ingress of foreign objects. If during washing coins fell out of your pocket, then they can fall into the drain. The filter, hose, pipe and pump are clogged. Read how to clean it.
Tank design
The tank may be made of steel or plastic. From the latest developments - a tank made of polyplex. Depending on the manufacturer of the washer (Atlant, Kandy, Virpul and others), it can be:
- Collapsible. Two halves are fastened with screws.
- Indistinguishable. Two parts are hermetically glued.
Various elements and outputs are connected to the tank. Let's consider them in more detail.
Shock absorbers
Dampers or shock absorbers are parts that dampen vibrations during the operation of the AGR. The damper is attached to the bottom of the tank and to the body of the washer. With a strong spin, the tank will not bounce and hit the wall.
Springs
Springs hold the tank on top and perform the same function as shock absorbers. The upper hook of the spring is fixed to the body, the lower - to the part of the tank.
Pulley
If a belt drive motor is installed in the washing machine, then a pulley is attached to the tank. A belt is put on it, transmitting engine speed. The pulley rotates with the drum. Fastened with a powerful bolt in the center.
Counterweights
Heavy blocks are made of concrete or plastic. They are bolted to the outside of the tank to restore balance.
Over time, the counterweight may collapse due to strong vibration. But most often, their fastenings are loosened, which can be tightened more tightly.
Drum
Located inside the tank, made of stainless steel. It has a cylindrical shape, there is a hole in the front for loading laundry. The back is used to connect to the cross and tank. Inside, the entire surface of the drum is perforated, which allows you to drain the water.
Other details
It remains to deal with small elements that serve for ease of washing and automation of the process.
Dispensing tray
The tray is divided into several parts (usually three). In one of them powder is poured for the main wash, in the second - for the preliminary. The third compartment is for liquid products and rinses.
The tray is placed in the hopper, to which the hoses from the inlet valve are connected. Through them, water enters the compartments to collect the powder.
Rubber cuff
Sealing rubber is located on the hatch and serves to seal the door. One part of the rubber is attached to the body, the other is attached to the tank with clamps.
Hoses and fittings
The inlet hose is installed at the water inlet. The other part is attached to the body.
The drain hose is attached to the pump and sewer.
The nozzle is installed from the tank to the pump. Water, merging from the tank, enters the pipe, and from there - into the pump.
There is a filler pipe that supplies water to the tank from the plumbing system.
As you can see, the design of the washing machine is quite complex and involves a lot of parts and components. If there is a repair, it is worthwhile to thoroughly understand how this technique is arranged to facilitate disassembly, assembly and repair procedures themselves.
More detailed information about each model of the washing machine can be found in the instructions.